Learn more about the following:

Pain

What is pain?
The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) defines pain as “an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with, or resembling that associated with actual or potential tissue damage”*. Pain is an uncomfortable feeling or sensation that tells us something may be wrong in a part of our bodies. It comes in different forms – sharp jabs, dull aches, throbbing, burning and so on.
 
It’s important to understand that pain is not generated by the body tissues – it’s a messaging system that involves lots of elements, including nerves, immune cells and chemicals. These elements are combined and processed in our brain to create pain messages that are influenced by our memory, emotion and attention, in a way that is unique to each person. These messages are designed to change our behaviour, in order to protect us from harm.
 
* IASP. The International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP) 2024 [Available from: https://www.iasp-pain.org/resources/terminology/].
How do painkillers work?
Pain relief drugs mostly work by binding to certain receptors in the brain and spinal cord. These drugs moderate the signals being interpreted by the brain, thereby increasing our tolerance for pain. Other drugs are anti-inflammatory, reducing the swelling in the damaged tissue, which in turn helps moderate the signals being sent from the nerve fibres to the brain*.
 
* Alorfi NM. Pharmacological methods of pain management: Narrative review of medication used. International Journal of General Medicine. 2023:3247-56.
What is chronic pain?
Chronic pain is pain that lasts longer than three months. It is also called persistent pain or long-term pain. It is often described as “pain that does not go away after the expected recovery time following an injury or illness”. The underlying tissue damage from most injuries tends to heal within about three months.
 
Chronic pain is thought to occur when nerves become over-sensitive and over-stimulated, and send warning messages to the brain predicting pain, even when there is no injury, or the original injury causing the pain has healed*. The brain keeps reacting to these signals, predicting future pain and generating pain sensations, a bit like a broken record.
 
Another way of looking at it is thinking about pain as a ‘fire alarm’ in your body. With chronic pain, the alarm keeps ringing, even though the ‘fire’ (the underlying tissue damage) has been put out.
 
Eventually, our brains get stuck in a rut, needing fewer and fewer signals to produce the pain experience. We can become over-sensitised to pain and become overwhelmed by the pain experience to such an extent, that it becomes our new ‘normal’. At this point the pain messaging system has malfunctioned, because it is trying to protect us from something that no longer exists.
 
* NIH. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke – Pain 2024 [Available from: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/pain.
 
** Baller EB, Ross DA. Your system has been hijacked: the neurobiology of chronic pain. Biological psychiatry. 2017;82(8):e61-e3.
Is chronic pain 'all in their heads'?

No, chronic pain is very real and should never be dismissed as such. Chronic pain is a condition defined by the IASP, being recognised by the latest revision of the WHO‘s ICD*.

Chronic pain is classified into two main categories:

  1. Chronic Primary Pain – where there’s no medical condition that directly causes the pain, the chronic pain is considered the disease itself. E.g., fibromyalgia, complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS), chronic migraine and chronic low back pain.
  2. Chronic Secondary Pain – where the pain is a symptom of an underlying medical condition, the chronic pain is considered a consequence of another illness. E.g., chronic pain relating to cancer, arthritis, nerve damage and surgery.

The classification above, aims to improve the representation of chronic pain conditions in primary healthcare and facilitate better diagnosis, treatment, and research in pain management. And yes, it is possible for both categories of chronic pain to occur simultaneously.

* International Association for the Study of Pain. (2021). Definitions of Chronic Pain Syndromes. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). https://www.iasp-pain.org/advocacy/definitions-of-chronic-pain-syndromes/

Neurofeedback

What is EEG?

Electroencephalography (EEG) is a non-invasive technique used to record the electrical activity of the brain. This activity is generated by the billions of neurons that make up the brain. By attaching electrodes to the scalp, EEG can measure and record these electrical signals, which are then visualized as waveforms on a computer screen.

* Niedermeyer, E., & Lopes da Silva, F. H. (2005). Electroencephalography: Basic principles, clinical applications, and related fields. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

What is EEG neurofeedback?

EEG Neurofeedback is a non-invasive technique that helps train the brain to improve its function. It uses sensors on the scalp to measure brainwave activity and provides real-time feedback to help the brain learn to regulate itself.

Is EEG neurofeedback safe?

Yes, EEG neurofeedback is generally considered safe. It’s a non-invasive technique that doesn’t involve any electrical stimulation or medication. The sensors placed on the scalp merely measure brainwave activity, providing feedback to help the brain self-regulate.

Alevia

Check out more FAQs about Alevia on our Technical Support page

Maria using EEG Axon headset
How does Alevia work?

Alevia uses EEG neurofeedback to change the way the brain responds to pain. Brain activity is recorded by Alevia’s custom-designed EEG headset and sent to an app to provide feedback. The feedback is displayed in such a manner as to reward users for being in a mental state that encourages their brain to moderate pain more effectively. This process is called neuromodulation and it’s how Alevia is able to retrain your brain to reduce your pain.

Does Alevia have any side effects?

Because Alevia is a passive device, there are almost no side effects. However, some patients might feel tired after a session or a little fatigued or have a mild headache after concentrating for the 30 minute session. No lasting or serious side effects have ever been reported.

Does Alevia get rid of my pain or just mask it like painkillers?

Neither. Pain is a sensation that our brains generate in response to a perceived danger to our bodies. Alevia trains the brain to respond more appropriately to the nerve signals going to your brain which results in perceiving and therefore experiencing less pain. The reduction in pain is very unique to everyone. If you have concerns, you should consult your specialist to understand if you may benefit more using Alevia in conjunction with other treatments such as physcial therapy, cognitive behavioural therapy or medication.

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